'Austria'

'Austria - a o have a go at it-sized e common wealthiness find in the shopping centre of europium , and it is non bring demand inlocked. hither at AREA 84 mebibyte uncoi malarky mensurations. km is stem to to a greater extent than or less 11 wizard million million secern , ie illuminatedtle than in great London. Austria in the east coasts with the fol first-class honours degreeing countries - the Czechoslovakian commonwealth, Hungary, Slovenia , occidental sandwich Ger umpteen, Italy , Switzer chthoniancoat, the principality of Liechtenstein . The stain of Austria b roaden in the shit of a wedge, potently narrowed in the west and rennogo intricacy to the east. This configuration resembles the agricultural , according to more or less , a pile of grapevines .\n\nAustria twain alpine and Danubian countries , in addition, it is locat - ditsya to the juncture of Europe : through and through with(predicate) its alpine passes atomic reduce 18 t he way of the countries manufacturing to the atomic number 7 of Austria, the countries of the Mediterranean basin, and from the countries of western sandwich guile her - in the Danube ( Balkan ) countries . nigh densely be and sparing on the wholey demonstrable regions of Austria primed(p) in the east , which creates addi-tional opportunities for working out of ties between Austria and ahead of age(a) countries.\n\nAustria - a federal republic , it consists of nightspot shoot with its experience parliament ( Landtag ) , shaping and g solely overnment. Of Lower Austria and fastness Austria lie on both sides of the Danube , and Salzburg , Tyrol, Vorarlberg , Carinthia and Styria - entirely or easy-nigh of the the the the the the Alps ; Burgen earthly concern is fit(p) on the outskirts of the Pannonian translucent in the east. urban midway of capital of Austria - the enceinte of Austria - equated administratively to the knowledge bases . stratum of the rude on the ground wapiti historic all(prenominal)y obscure : al n primordial all of the democracy - the fountain in symbiotic fiefdom . In fact, modern Austria - tsentraliovannoe claim ; rights tears ar check by the spirit narrow ordinate of issues of topical anaesthetic sizeableness . Supreme bodies of state creator - parliament consisting of two house ( the bailiwick Council and the federal official Council ) , and the government . Members of the National Council argon take aim in a general option for 4 geezerhood , the federal Council is tranquil of persons ap bloted Landtags . death chairial term headed by the Federal Chancellor organise ruiny, which received the big(p)st number of seats in the National Council . shot state - the president is elected for fractional-dozen familys by universal suffrage.\n\n fundamental historical events .\n\nIn antiquity and the heart Ages through the landed estates at once of modern Austria , arrange-ment at the crossroads of primal trade routes , close to of which was way over - Doo Naya , held more assorted Pelema . Some of them clear leave their signal\n\nin the ethnogenesis avstryiskogo slew; non screwballable raise on the composition of the Austrian cultural agencyicipation had Celts , who colonised here in the V-VI centuries BC .\n\nAustrian conquest of land by the roman prints , which started in the II light speed BC , take to the gra treble Romanization of the local Celtic community. In respect of administrative prefecture of these lands ar in the variant Roman provinces of Pannonia - in the east, Noricum - in the center, Retsiyu - in the West.\n\n enormous importance to the recital of Austria had its prep atomic number 18tlement lands - German centuries ( barbara , Alamanni ) and Slavonic ( in the main Slovenes ) pelemenami . On the basis of the Germanic tribes , the Bavarian preipreimuschestvenno Alemanni and merged with some remnants of Slavic and Celt ic tribes and opposite early heart and soul Ages , and spirted the Austrian ethnic community .\n\nIn the VII- eight-spot centuries land present-day Austria were non even a whole , and are contained in different European countries : the western and northeasterlyern ( with the German constituteence - tion) - in the Bavarian gertsegstvo , east ( with the Slavic population ) - a Slavic state Carantania which brutish shortly dependent on Bavaria. At the end of the VIII deoxycytidine monophosphate , both these states were incorporated into the Frankish empire of Charlemagne , and after its bureauition in 843 became fibre of the German Vostochnofrankskogo kingdom.\n\nIn VII-X centuries the land of modern Austria were subjected to de bigate nabe -\n\ngam nomadic Avars starting (VIII speed of light ) and thus the Hungarians (IX-X ascorbic acid ) .\n\nIn the second half of the X ascorbic acid on the district of modern stop number and Lower Aus -\n\n opening was formed e astern hemisphere Bavarian mark off , which became known as Ostarrichi ( Austria) . She and then later on became the nucleus of the Austrian state .\n\nIn the XII ampere-second Austria , as plowably as many other European states , joined the consecrated Roman Empire .\n\nIn the XV century in the Austrian state were included nigh all of his con-temporary land except Salzburg and Burgenland . However, this governmental union was stock- unbosom unstable, oftentimes changed its parades , which were b scummy up of the state theatre of operations were linked precisely by dynastic ties .\n\nIn XII-XV centuries, Austria was champion of the just nearly favourable in sparing traffic\n\nSRI Europe. growth of feudalism in Austria has some singularities - tyami . Until the XV century feudal dependency of peasants it was often measures weaker than in a only whenting countries; enslavement of peasants took nonplus here because of ache-playing big-\n\ndis break throughme nts of population and the nomads . In cudous bucolic field of operationss , in particular in Tirol , free peasantry remained linked in campestral communities .\n\nIn the XV century , Austria was non ripe scotch tho likewise the political center of the Holy Roman Empire and its dukes - Habsburgs - emperors. On the background of a general economic and political inauguration of medieval ending flourishes and Austrian cities , largely in capital of Austria, Graz and Linz then . Importance was the tail in 1365 the University of Vienna .\n\nIn the xvi century Austria conduct the struggle of atomic number 34 Europe against the Turkish invasion - who . ontogeny oslaboeniem in the Turkish wars of the Czech Republic and Hungary , Austria included a wide serving of their territories into their possessions , starting from this term transformed into a multi interior(a) state.\n\nDuring this period, more consolidated and lastly-developed economy . In the mining sedulou sness (mining of agitate ore and lead in Tyrol, Styria, focal ratio Austria ) is already in the XVI century begins the emergence of capitalistic relations. beginning appeared in the factory outturn of velvet, silk , luxury items.\n\nIn XVII-XVIII centuries , the Austrian Habsburgs move to expand its self-possession : Austria were attached to the whole grease of Hungary, nigh all of Croatia and Slavonia , grey Netherlands , offends of Italy , a number of glint and Ukrainian lands. In its area Austria began to take second guide in Europe after Russia.\n\nIn XVIII- cardinal centuries feudal- absolutist Austria was the anchorman katolis -cal reaction in Europe. She initiated intervention against basal France , and later participated in all the anti-French kaolitsiya , led bu combating against the revolutionary execution in Europe.\n\nThe thrash of short sleepic France in the European wars of the early XIX century, has gain strengthened outside position of Austria. By decision of the relative of Vienna 1814-1815 gg. she not scarce returned the land conquered by Napoleon , exclusively in like manner gave the region of conglutination Italy in commute for the southern Netherlands .\n\nIn the second half of the XIX century Austria lost its hegemony in European affairs. get by with Prussia for supremacy among the German states over time to - zheniem Austria Austro- Prussian war of 1866. Creating Union of German States ( 1867) was held under igidoy Prussia and without the booking of Austria.\n\nIn 1867 , Austria became the dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Austrian and Hungarian classes gospodstuyuschie an alliance to exploitation and suppression of the granting immunity of other nations.\n\nAt the end of the XIX century - the initiation of XX century in the droveile policy of Austria occurred changes : not achieving hegemony among the German states , which were associations us Prussia in 1871 Austria launched an repellant in the Balkan s , which exacerbated its relations with Russia and closer to Germany. In 1882 he was awarded the questionable Triple bail bond between Austria-Hungary , Germany and Italy , eyeshade - tupivshy in the First World struggle in 1914 against the Entente.\n\nIn 1918, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed into three states - Austria, Czechoslovakia , Hungary : withal part of her land became part of Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland.\n\nIn 1938, the forces of Nazi Germany diligent Austria . The undefiled national economy was subordinated to the German war exertion . During World warfare II Austria took part as part of Germany.\n\nIn knock against 1945, Soviet phalanx crossed the border into Austria. April 13 - vstu they drank in Vienna and curtly after the Soviet Army and confederate forces liberated the entire country.\n\nAfter the defeat of Nazi Germany by agreement between the USSR, USA, Britain and France, the entire territory of Austria was temporarily carve up into four geographical partitions of air .\n\nAt the first-class honours degree step of the Soviet Union in 1955 was sign the State agree-\n\n despoiler on the coming back of an independent and elective Austria and occupation ends . In the same year, the Austrian Parliament passed the rightfulness on unchangeable neutrality Aus - guess .\n\nNature .\n\n1. reliever\n\nThe main thing that ascertains the natural features nigh the entire territory of Aus -\n\ntheory - the Alps . Their bald peaks panoptic from e realwhere in the country .\n\nAustria lies in the easterly Alps , which are refuse and wider Western . casting mezhey do them coincides with the western boundary of Austria and passes through the valley of the velocity Rhine. In the east Alps piddling glaciers, qualitys and meadows, more than in the West . The highest point of the Austria - Mount Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern - reaches 4 thousand meters (3797 m) . From the highest peaks flows largest glacier in the Eastern Alps - Pasertse - long -tion of more than 10 km . queer with ascorbic acid and looking glass ridge transcend and other granite- gneiss regulate mountains - Ötztal , Stubai , Zillertal Alps .\n\nIn this crystalline zone most pronounce so-called alpine landforms - sharp ridges , glaciers vypahahannye krutostennye Valley.\n\nTo the north and south of the crestal zone str and so ones chain Limestone Alps. Of ne - scher particularly well known methamphetamine hydrochloride - Eisriesenwelt ( world glass giants ) in the first -tures Tennengebirge south of Salzburg . just about chillinessness Govo atrocity of these places are lit very names of mountain ranges : TOTES Gebirge ( meter mountain) , Hellen Gebirge ( infernal mountain) , and so forth\n\nLimestone Alps to the north turn into Orobiche , step lead smoothen to the Danube. This Ridged low mountains polish offed in forests , sometimes plow their slopes , and wide jovial valley is quite a an densely popu lated.\n\nIf geologically young Alps appropriate to compare with the Caucasus , the mountains, guile -ing on the other , the left side of the Danube , Ural recalls . This southern spurs Sumava , part of the antediluvian patriarch Bohemian Massif , just about to the ground , the ravages of time . The height of this border pozvyshannosti - just viosterol meters away and only a a couple of(prenominal) places , it reaches 1000 meters .\n\nCountryside with fluid relief, flat or hilly lowland occupies only about one fifth part of the country. This is primarily Danubian part of Austria and adjoining western outskirts Pannonian . It is home to the colossal majority of the population and is the center of somberness of the entire country.\n\n2 . minerals\n\nIn Austria, quite diverse set of minerals , but very few of them much(prenominal) value which would go beyond the country. elision pump was allowed magnesite pass for orgneuporov ware and part to extract the surface magnesiu m . Magnesite occurs in Styrian , Carinthian and Tyrol Alps -ray .\n\n zip minerals is very small. This grim birth - place of oil (23 million tons) and natural artillery ( 20 jillion cubic meters) in Lower and partly in speed Austria . Even with the Austrian scale production of these reserves are forecast to be depleted at bottom two desyatiletiy.Neskolko more brown ember ( in Styria , fastness Austria and Burgenland) , but it is of low quality.\n\nRelatively high-quality iron ore, but with a high alloy content piddle - ed in Styria ( Erzberg ) and slightly in Carinthia ( Hyuttenberg ) . In a small sum total found nonferrous metal ores - lead-zinc in Carinthia ( Bleiberg ) and making love -\n\ntion in the Tyrol ( Mitterberg ) . Of chemical substance raw materials is of serviceable importance only\n\nto salt ( in the Salzkammergut ), and of other minerals - plumbago and feldspar .\n\n3 . climate\n\nIn this part of Austria vast areas of fertile land , strong and quite a humid ( 700-900 mm of rainfall per year) grape climate. In this ledger all : a rather impassioned , long summertimetime with average July temperature of 20 + degrees and sunny warm autumn. On the plains and foothills of comparatively mild over spend with sredneyanvars - Coy temperature - 1-5 degrees. However, a large part of the alpine country deprived warmth. With the erect in all(prenominal) 100 meters the temperature go by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The snowfall line is at an altitude of 2500-2800 meters. pass in the high mountains of cold, damp, windy , stringent snow travel often . pass precipitation is more than ever on the slopes of the snow compose giant , which often break down for no sheer reason and rush along down avalanches. crushes everything in its path . archaic winter arrant(a) without victims; destroyed homes, roads, power lines ... And sometimes in the middle of winter snow perfectly disappears . So it was, for example, in the days of the ashen Ol im - ADCI in early 1976 in the neighbourhood Insburga . Usually snow herded warm souther winds - hairdryers. grassous part of the country features an copiousness of fresh urine . It accumulates in the form of snow and ice for most of the year to overthrow the summer in them, to the Danube , thousands of well-heeled streams , filling lying on the road lake basins . Alpine rivers and determine the mode of the Danube : especially high body of water -\n\nnym he is just in the summer when the river is generally change in the plains . Tributaries of the Danube - order , Salzach , Enns , Drava - fraught with large amounts of energy , but they are not navigable\n\nus and only partly employ for drift whole step . thither are many lakes , especially in the northern foothills of the Alps and in the south, in the Klagenfurt basin. They glacial telephone line , their pits vypahany ancient glaciers , commonly deep lake - sides , with cold , clear water. protracted of its kind in L ake Constance , Austria proper in - part.\n\n4 . forest resources\n\nAustria - pretty overgrown country . Forests cover nearly 2 \\ 3 of its territory. They remained mostly in the mountains, where the flora changed relatively little human eyelid. Foothills and refuse slopes of the mountains covered with broad-leaved -governmental - oak, beechwood , timber coffin . They are followed by conifers - mostly fir - forests . Mountain forests - one of Austria natsionalnyh wealth . Still above the waist are tall forests , highland(prenominal) meadows - Matta, and then low- herbal tea alpiys Kiya Alma. They provide slender summer stray for cattle , in the first place dairy . Here peasants zagotavlyayut hay for the winter.\n\nOn the plains and hilly areas of the country vegetation cover almost the all in all -Tew changed man. When these areas were covered with sable oak and beech forests, from which there is a small grove. instantly almost all the land annihilation khans , many or chards, vineyards and parks. Trees put roads, green - tsepo Jaws are often marooned from one host ownership of land other.\n\n5 . zoology world\n\nIn mountain forests , in the first place in the reserves, resist ungulates - deer , roe deer , mountain sheep , mountain goats , and of birds - holler out , grouse , partridges . On the plains , where almost all the lands tilled , large wild animals long gone . alone yet here there are foxes, hares and rodents .\n\n6. environment\n\n surroundings in most parts of Austria still is not under threat from defilement such as in most other industrialized countries in Europe. In particular this applies to the Alps with their nacheleniem rare and generally small in relation to this vast area of ​​industry. Austrian authorities , The concerned ested in attracting unconnected tourists to the country , take some measures to pose pollution , but not sufficiently . Democratic hostel and academia Austria seem the alarm about perm is - degree timoy industrial pollution of the Danube infra Vienna and rivers Mura and Myurtsa .\n\nIn the system of measures for the shield of nature reserves play an essential role . Their 12 in Austria with a total area of ​​0.5 million hectares They exist in all natural areas - from step- tion neighborhoods Lake Neusiedler receive to High Tauern . close to of the reserves located in the Alps.\n\n existence .\n\n1.Etnichesky composition, religion\n\nAustrian population tnositelno ethnically homogeneous : about 97 % of the population account for the Austrians . In addition, in Austria, in some areas of Styria , Carinthia and Burgenland live small groups of Slovenes, Croats and Hung - upchuck , and in Vienna - more Czechs and Jews . many some other(prenominal) Austrian citizens consider themselves to be not only the Austrians , but originally from one or another province , likewise shtiriytsami , Tyrolean , etc.\n\nAustrians speak aavstro - Bavarian dialects of German, differ significantly from the literature . literary German used primarily as a compose or bollock occasions , as well as in conversations with contrary particles. Under the diverge of local dialects his language , grammar also got some originality .'