A Feminist Perspective of Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venic

A Feminist Perspective of Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venice Isabellas and power could be in saying no, her no to Angelo that she would not leave the world despoiled and soulless, no to Claudio that she would sacrifice herself, no to the nunnery that she had wished to enter or no to the Dukes offer of marriage. Isabellas role ability to be self-determining was quite different from Portias advocacy in The Merchant of Venice, for Isabella was the tool of the Duke, fulfilling his scripting. Her nuns garb should have ensured a neuter role, and she intended her pity and love for her brother to involve her in this world only so far as to counsel him in honour. Despite her self concept, two men of the world with power over her saw her as a beautiful sexual object to be acquired. Against this, Isabellas strength was in theological purity, going straight to the sense of the Gospels. We cannot cast the first st sensation. We must have leniency for others, because he which is t he top of judgement had mercy on us. Because the censors usually eliminated the word God, references were oblique, but t present could be no real substitution of Jove or the gods here where the sense was so very New Testament. Isabella was preaching to a society which had gone far in condemnation and execution in the name of faith she was a beacon of clear light.Portia actively sought mercy as the greatest response and carefully gave Shylock every option to release the alliance which held him when she stage-managed the last-minute dramatic revelation, showing that he too could be forfeit. Significantly, the advocacy of both Portia and Isabella was the same mercy must be applied to the law. Could a Dukes one gateway denouement be... ...d expanded, and the whole prospered on the servitude and devotion of women. Petruchio did his bit, as did Isabellas Duke, so that protectionism was the right end and repository for womens identity and role. Yet in the next particle Benedick will me et his match, and that paragon, Portia, will tactfully remain within the rhetorical framework of male supremacy, costuming her more able endeavours....i Jill Bavin-Mizzi, Ravished (Sydney University of New south-central Wales Press, 1995).ii Margaret Thornton, Women as fringe dwellers of the jurisprudential community, in Sex, Power and Justice (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 190.iii Charlotte Lennox (ne Ramsay), 1729 -1804, actress and poet,Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900, An anthology of criticism, ed. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 17-18.

American Literature and Society :: essays research papers fc

Literature is a very powerful tool that is used to make a huge impact on party or in someones perspective. Literature comes in different forms and each literary works form fits in a certain category or role to help understand the true meaning of it. From playwrights to short stories, each one has moral lesson, a message or a reflection of the author. I have witnessed the power of literature several times. Literature has moved teens to better universe it has motivated unfortunate community to fame, used as an educational knead of teaching and most of all, entertainment. Back in the day, plays were on of the most illustrious forms of entertainment. Without television and radio present, plays served as a substitute to entertain certain groups of people like the royal family or just for the whole public. This was one way of making money by the actors and the authors that wrote the play. Also present during those times were the poem recitals. This is identical to a play but fewer people are present in the stage or sometimes solo performance. Today, Literature is still being used as a form of entertainment and educational intentions. Hollywood made a smoke of money by revising the great masterpieces of famous authors such as Rome and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Also, they made movies out of hundreds of literary works for educational purposes and better understanding of the literature piece. Each form of literature has its own style. The style determines how it influences the audience to absorb the true meaning and moral of the story or poem. William Shakespeare and Benjamin Franklin were truly persuasive while Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe blend mystery and adventure to their works. The style touches the readers which really makes a good relationship from the reader to the authors literary masterpieces.Being a foreigner to this country, I have viewed American Society in a different way. There are a lot of factors that changed my perspective to th e American society and of them is the literature I have studied during the process of having English as on of my major subjects. I can strongly say that American society is very more than different than the environment I used to live. There may be similarities but there are few. American society tends to change a lot of times, its culture slowly evolves the American society to a whole different level.

Music And Stress Essay -- essays research papers

Music and StressDuring the first week of my self change project I monitored my melodic phraselevels and the way practice of medicine effected the mental and physical aspects of stress.From monitoring this properly, I found that listening to music pleasing to me atthe specifically polar times I experienced stress did help reduce myinternal feelings and physical changes. In carefully studying the various typesof stress experienced I concluded that certain types of music more effectivelyreduced my stress and anxiety levels. The following paragraphs explain furtherthe types of stress felt and the music that help in subsiding the symptomsof stress.Stress rear end be felt in several different forms, included here are thefollowing ways I experienced stress. This step was found to be particularlyimportant in past studies to learn specific stress styles and mostimportantly, what music reduced what symptoms of stress. there are six separateforms of stress that can be experienced. These are symptomatic in physical,behavioral, emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and relational aspects.Physical symptoms I personally experienced were headaches(specifically tension headaches), nausea, dizziness, sleep difficulties, tightneck and shoulders, racing heart, trembling hands, and restlessness.Behavioral symptoms I felt were a definite excess in smoking, bossinesstowards others, compulsive gum chewing, I became critical of others, grinding ofmy teeth so hard that I am forced to wear a mouthpiece at night, and aninability to finish what I start. Some of the emotional symptoms includedcrying, anxiety,nervousness, boredom, edginess, overwhelming sense of pressure,overwhelming anger, being unhappy for no reason, and very testy. Cognitivesymptoms that I felt were trouble view clearly, for arrive atfulness, writersblock, long-term memory loss, inability to make decisions, and constantexcessive worry. Spiritual aspects of stress that I felt doubt, unforgiving,apathy, and a strong fee ling for the need to raise myself. Examples ofrelational symptoms included isolation, intolerance, resentment, clamming up,nagging/whining, distrust,and less contact with friends.The importance of identifying interpersonal feelings helps with decidingwhat music would be most effective in reducing stres... ...nderstand that if she/he decided to change, she/he could. Future use ofbehavior change will most definitely come in handy. I already have a list ofthings I would like to change on my own time and knowing how and what to do willbe more than enough motivation to get me going.My major goals in this specific self-change project would be thereduction of anxiety and stress through music therapy. Hopefully this willfollow me into the rest of my life, including stress in family life and in mychosen career. Secondary goals that I have acquired through study on the topicare actually using music therapy in my future career. To be specific, I wouldlike to turn and use music along with psy chodynamic therapy to help healpediatric oncology patients.At this time in my college career, I feel that I am fulfilling my goals,but certainly not to their best. Hopefully, through this and other self-changeprojects, I can prepare myself for today and the future. Self-change is, Ifound, something that can only continue in your life if you use it . If you dofollow through, eventually, the change will become a part of you and not a unreserved behavior you dont like.

Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay -- Argumentative Essay,

The right to choose what happens to YOU is an American right that every person should be allotted. though the First Amendment clearly states that all Americans have the right to freedom of speech, the topic of abortions continues to be challenged. Abortions poses moral and ethically challenges that many Americans ponder over. The major two sides intricate in this is heated issue is Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice, pro-life being against and pro-choice supporting abortions. This research paper will examine the many contrasting court cases affecting abortions and the two different argumentsWhat is an Abortion?An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a foetus or embryo from the uterus before it is viable, (Grimes, 2007). An abortion can happen for two different ways, either because of problems during pregnancy or by bring forth one because of choice. Abortions usually refer to the induced terminations while terminations related to medical issues are common ly called miscarriages. Obviously the controversy comes into play when dealing with the induced terminations. generate abortion has a long history and has been facilitated by various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. Contemporary medicine utilizes medications and operative procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, cultural status, and religious status of abortion vary substantially around the world. In many parts of the world there is prominent and factious public controversy over the ethical and legal issues of abortion. Abortion and abortion-related issues feature prominently in the national politics in many nations, often involving the oppose pro-lif... ...stitution and what it means today Supreme Court decisions of 1973, 1974, and 1975, page 36 (Princeton University Press 1985) The abortion cases afforded the Supreme Court another opportunity to caress the Ninth Amendment withou t encompass it.3. Chrisrs. (March 2011). Belotti vs. Baird. Bullentin For Law Students.com. Retrieved from http//4lawnotes.com/showthread.php/2613-Bellotti-v.-Baird4. Graber, Mark A. Rethinking Abortion Equal Choice, the Constitution and Reproductive Politics. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1999.5. Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, and Alden. (2012). Maternity and Womens Health Care. Elsevier Mosby. St. Louis, Missouri. 6. Potts, Malcolm et al. Abortion, page 347 (1977).7. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. Wests Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 .

Government Surveillance vs Privacy Essay -- Communications Surveillanc

Is the American government trustworthy? Edward Joseph Snowden (2013) released to the United States press* selected information about the surveillance of ordinary citizens by the U.S.A.s National Security Agency (N.S.A.), and its interconnection to phone and genial media companies. The motion picture Citizenfour (2014), shows the original taping of those revelations. Snowden said that some people do nothing about this tracking because they have nothing to hide. He claims that this inverts the model of responsibility. He believes that everyone should encrypt Internet messages and abandon electronic media companies that track personal information and Internet behavior (op.cit, 2014). Snowden also stressed to Lawrence Lessig (2014) the importance of the press and the first amendment (Lessig Snowden Interview Transcript, 1628). These dynamics illustrate Lessigs (2006) constrain-enable pattern of powers that keep society in check (2006, Code Version 2.0, p. 122). Consider Lessigs (2006) question what is the threat to liberty? (2006, p. 120). Terrorism is a real threat (Weber, 2013). Surveillance by social media and websites, rather than the government, has the greater negative impact on its users. What is the historic context of surveillance, whose current form is electronic? We now know that the N.S.A. has no fewer than 46 surveillance programs (three in conjunction with the UKs GCHQ) as described by surveillance reporter Julia Angwin (2014). For examplePrism collects data from the servers of U.S. technology companiesSqueaky dolphin (UK) monitors YouTube video views, URLS Liked on Facebook and Blogger visitsBullrun, a joint UK and US program weakens cryptography (2014, chart)Surveillance, however, is as old as man. Anthony Zurcher (2013) for the BBC said, Chinese general Sun Tzu in 544 - 496 BC wrote learned person rulers and good generals who are able to obtain intelligent agents as spies are certain for great achievements (Zurcher, 2013). Surveillanc e has been around for centuries.Ancient Rome had mechanisms for surveillance. The eavesdropping, of contrast, was done in a flash by people with no electronic mediation. Col. Rose Mary Sheldon (2000) of the Virginia Military Institute wrote that supply sergeants were employed to collect information because they came and went openly in the course of distributing grain. H... ... E. (2011). The net delusion. The dark side of internet freedom. New York, NY, USA PublicAffairs.Poitras, L, Bonnefoy, M., & Wilutzky, D. (Producers), & Poitras, L. (Director). (2014, October 24). Citizenfour Motion Picture. United States The Weinstein Company.Sheldon, Col. R. M., Virginia Military Institute. (2000). Military History Quarterly, Autumn,pp. 28-33. Retrieved from http//www.historynet.com/espionage-in-ancient-rome.htmsthash.iSybKnYa.dpuf on 11/29/2014.TEDSalon. (2014, June). Hubertus Knabe The dark secrets of a surveillance state. TED. Retrieved from http//www.ted.com/talks/hubertus_knabe_the_d ark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state? on 11/17/2014.Weber, P. (2013, June 12). 6 reasons you should, and shouldnt, freak out about the NSA data-mining. The Week. Retrieved from http//theweek.com/article/index/245461/6-reasons-you-should-and-shouldnt-freak-out-about-the-nsa-data-mining on 11/29/2014. how we should poise national security with civil liberties.Zurcher. A. (2013, October 31). Roman Empire to the NSA A world history of government spying. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24749166 on 11/29/2014

Government Surveillance vs Privacy Essay -- Communications Surveillanc

Is the American government trustworthy? Edward Joseph Snowden (2013) released to the United States press* selected information about the surveillance of ordinary citizens by the U.S.A.s National pledge Agency (N.S.A.), and its interconnection to phone and social media companies. The motion picture Citizenfour (2014), shows the original taping of those revelations. Snowden said that some people do nothing about this introduce because they have nothing to hide. He claims that this inverts the model of responsibility. He believes that everyone should encrypt Internet messages and abandon electronic media companies that track personal information and Internet behavior (op.cit, 2014). Snowden as well as stressed to Lawrence Lessig (2014) the importance of the press and the first amendment (Lessig Snowden Interview Transcript, 1628). These dynamics illustrate Lessigs (2006) constrain-en fit pattern of powers that keep society in check (2006, Code meter reading 2.0, p. 122). Con boldne ssr Lessigs (2006) question what is the threat to liberty? (2006, p. 120). Terrorism is a real threat (Weber, 2013). Surveillance by social media and websites, rather than the government, has the greater detrimental impact on its users. What is the historic context of surveillance, whose current form is electronic? We now know that the N.S.A. has no fewer than 46 surveillance programs (three in association with the UKs GCHQ) as described by surveillance reporter Julia Angwin (2014). For examplePrism collects data from the servers of U.S. technology companiesSqueaky Dolphin (UK) monitors YouTube video views, URLS Liked on Facebook and Blogger visitsBullrun, a joint UK and US program weakens cryptography (2014, chart)Surveillance, however, is as old as man. Anthony Zurcher (2013) for the BBC said, Chinese general Sun Tzu in 544 - 496 BC wroteEnlightened rulers and good generals who are able to obtain intelligent agents as spies are certain for great achievements (Zurcher, 2013). Surveillance has been around for centuries.Ancient Rome had mechanisms for surveillance. The eavesdropping, of course, was done directly by people with no electronic mediation. Col. Rose Mary Sheldon (2000) of the Virginia Military Institute wrote that supply sergeants were employed to collect information because they came and went openly in the course of distributing grain. H... ... E. (2011). The net delusion. The dark side of internet freedom. New York, NY, USA PublicAffairs.Poitras, L, Bonnefoy, M., & Wilutzky, D. (Producers), & Poitras, L. (Director). (2014, October 24). Citizenfour Motion Picture. United States The Weinstein Company.Sheldon, Col. R. M., Virginia Military Institute. (2000). Military History Quarterly, Autumn,pp. 28-33. Retrieved from http//www.historynet.com/espionage-in-ancient-rome.htmsthash.iSybKnYa.dpuf on 11/29/2014.TEDSalon. (2014, June). Hubertus Knabe The dark secrets of a surveillance state. TED. Retrieved from http//www.ted.com/talks/hubertu s_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state? on 11/17/2014.Weber, P. (2013, June 12). 6 reasons you should, and shouldnt, freak out about the NSA data-mining. The Week. Retrieved from http//theweek.com/article/index/245461/6-reasons-you-should-and-shouldnt-freak-out-about-the-nsa-data-mining on 11/29/2014. how we should balance national security with cultured liberties.Zurcher. A. (2013, October 31). Roman Empire to the NSA A world history of government spying. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24749166 on 11/29/2014

Elective Affinities by Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe Essay

Edward and Charlotte are a middle-aged couple, happily married, and who live comfortably in a bulky estate in early 19th century Germany. Edward was an only child, and thus was accustomed to getting what he wanted from life. Charlotte was a strong, level-headed woman, who, in spite of universe at about the same age as Edward, displayed a character that was far to a greater extent mature. The characters lived a relaxed, noblemans life, and Charlotte spent most of her age arranging and decorating the area around their land.The couple had loved from each one other in the past in their youth however they were married to different throng to satisfy the wishes of their parents. Both of their spouses died early, and Edward, after traveling abroad, came back and married Charlotte. The two were discussing their great fortune at still having time to cherish the moments they never had in their youth, but Edward had other plans. His best friend, the maestro, wanted a job that would suit h is multiple talents, and Edward felt obliged to hire him and have him stay with them.Charlotte opposed the base at first, but assented afterwards, but revealing to Edward that she felt the same with Ottilie, her niece who was not adjusting very well to school. The Captain was the first to arrive at the estate. In pocket-size time he got acquainted with his surroundings, and set about to change them to what he felt was better taste than what Charlotte has done. Charlotte became busy with other things, including correspondence with officials from the school where her daughter, Luciana, and Ottilie were studying. Luciana was a great student and she was always at the top of her class.Ottilie, on the other hand, was a shy and timid student, but the Assistant to the superior saw a potential in Ottilie that nobody else did. Edward, Charlotte and the Captain were enjoying each others company, and on one particular discourse they discussed among them the elective affinities, the tendencies of chemical species to combine with true substances in preference to others. They related the somewhat obscure subject matter to themselves, and whether these affinities apply to human relationships too, unknowingly foreshadowing their ultimate fates.Ottilie arrived at the estate soon afterwards, and although a timid girl, she was exceedingly beautiful that the company was inspired by her presence. She quickly became efficient at managing the household, which delighted Charlotte, who was spending more and more time with the Captain due to her desire to command the fruits of his plans for the estate. Edward then, found himself spending more time with Ottilie, who he quickly grew fond with. The plans for remodeling the estate were numerous, and the four all contributed plans towards the net end.Ottilies suggestion on the placement of a new house was unexpected because she was so timid, but everybody agreed with it. The Captain busied himself with the remodeling, and although he f elt an leader to Charlotte he thought the better of it and tried to stay away from her. However, he firm to finish the new houses foundation on Charlottes birthday, which he did. The day after Charlottes birthday, two visitors arrived at the estate, the appear and the Baroness, who were unmarried lovers as well.In observing their hosts situation, the Baroness deduced that Edward and Ottilie were lovers, The Count meanwhile had noticed the Captains usefulness, and intended to hire him, much to the hidden despair of Charlotte who was also very much in love with the Captain. With Ottilie still on his chief, Edward nevertheless goes to his married woman and spends the night together with her. The day after, Ottilie revealed to Edward that she loved him, something that he was exceedingly happy about since he shared the intense feelings as well.Charlotte and the Captain had an adventure of their own, in which the Captain kissed her and apologizing afterwards. Charlotte recognized that she had an obligation to her husband, and thus cut hornswoggle the affair with the Captain. Ottilie and Edward estranged themselves from the two others, while their passion grew with letters and secret correspondence with each other. Edward became busy with the preparations for Ottilies birthday, as the Captain was making preparations for his departure to the Count.On Ottilies birthday, Edward was ecstatiche prepared an extravagant gift of cloth and make preparations for a big fireworks display. When a certain embankment fell to the water and almost caused the drowning of a party-guest, everybody felt that further festivities were no longer proper, except the now madly-in-love Edward. afterward the Captains departure, Charlotte tried to save their marriage by sending Ottilie away, but she failed when Edward, not knowing what to do, decided to go away himself.Otillie, saddened by the dismissal of her love, nevertheless kept her faith that he would come back for her. Edward wrote a letter to Charlotte that kept Otillie with her until Edwards return. Charlotte learned shortly after that her night with Edward during the Counts visit conceived a child, and through Mittler, her ambassador at the moment, relayed it to Edward, Mittler, a once-minister who thought all marriage is sacred, set to Edward to try to mend their matrimony. Upon learning of the news, Edward is more confused and sets off with a death wish to join the armed forces.By this time, the Architect, a pupil by the Captain, had taken over remodeling of the estate. With an affinity for the arts, Otillie becomes committed to the Architect, albeit only thinking of him as a comfortable brother. In Edwards absence, Luciana returns from school with a bridegroom, and she magnifies the difference between her and the timid Otillie. After Luciana left, the Assistant comes to see Otilliehe too is in love with her, but Otillies heart is unattainable. She becomes attached to Edward and Charlottes baby, Otto.Afte r his stint in the army, Edward returns with a clear mindhe is going to take Otillie for himself, and engages his best friendnow a Majorto help him get a separation from Charlotte. An accidental encounter on the lake reunites Edward and Otillie, but afterwards Otillies carelessness caused the drowning and death of Otto. When the Major arrives to tell Charlotte about Edwards proposition, she is still shaken by the death of her son. Otillie, in guilt, resolved to renounce Edward and her love for him after the Major left.Plans were made to return Ottilie to school however, Edward caught her in a hotel on the way there. Ottilie had renounced Edward, and thus spoke not a word to him, but she went back to the estate. Once back, Edward, the Major and Charlotte tried to make her speak once more, but she did not. In fact, she was starving herself secretly, and she died afterwards. In a short time, Edward, who could not live without Ottilie, found no reason to live either, and followed his l ove to the grave.

Bloomberg Company Outline

The company Bloomberg is a privately held financial software, news, and data company. Primarily, Bloomberg is roughly the access, report, analysis and distribution of the highest quality data, news and analytics, faster and more accurate than any other organization. According to Bloombergs official website, In 1981 Bloomberg started out with angiotensin-converting enzyme core belief that bringing transparency to capital markets through access to knowledge could increase capital flows, produce economic growth and jobs, and significantly disgrace the cost of doing business. The company has been a prodigious success due to its reliability and remarkable adaptation to the ever-changing marketplace, continuous innovation of products, and unparalleled dedication to node service which is also why influential decision-makers rely on the companys reports. The BLOOMBERG PROFESSIONAL service is the core product of Bloomberg and it is the fastest-growing real-time financial information netw ork in the world.Generally, Bloomberg provides its clients with a completely packaged Trading System solution that requires minimal hardware, software and support. From the previous enterprise-grade ASP model they had in 1981, today, Bloomberg provides undetermined Architecture for firms, enabling clients to fully power their systems whilst avoiding the hidden costs and responsibilities associated with infrastructure build-outs, data sourcing, continual tuning, version upgrades, and system maintenance.As an advantage, firms are no longer oblige to recover hidden costs by undersizing environments that may lead to changes in trading performance. References LinkedIn Corporation. Bloomberg. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from http//www. linkedin. com/companies/bloomberg Blomberg Finance L. P. Bloomberg Trading Systems Retrieved August 21, 2010 from http//iimagazine. firstlightera. com/ERA/ResourceHandler. ashx? b1d8f3a7-9ed6-4944- 8172-642482129405trading%20systems_london2. pdf

Characteristics of the effective counselor Essay

I d like to ac acquaintance the wonderful sustain that I received from nonpargonil of the finest professors at Liberty University Online. I am very grateful to you, Dr. McCarthy, who provided me with the much mandatory suggested improvements and gave me the rays to complete this research paper.Thanks knock offThe characteristics that make up an stiff counselor argon the record traits that really define the counselor. Several leaders in the field of counselling have listed legion(predicate) of these own(prenominal)ity qualities self confidence, high energy level, optimistic, sense of humor, neutrality, flexibility, emotional st readiness, risk-taking experience, analytic thinking, creativity, enthusiasm, honesty, sensitivity, hope, self control, awareness, and knowledge. The research compiled in this paper confirm that its the richness of the personality that builds the effectiveness of the counselor. Being an effective counselor requires forming not just a solid birth with your client, but an emotional experience, where the counselor works with the client in a supportive role to recognize and move through challenges as the goals are achieved.Its the counselors and not the psychotherapists that must allow an emotional alliance and sympathetic responses to their clients issues. Overall, the most(prenominal) important personality qualities in any effective counselor seem to center on warmth, genuineness, compassion and empathy. These are the traits that leave behind be addressed the most in this paper. These four traits seem to provide the purest motivation and seemingly guide the direction of the moral compass within the most effective counselors. The biggest obstacle is identifying how to increase these type qualities in oneself as a counselor. The answer seems to lie in a consistent daily practice of mind-body-medicine and self-care.Characteristics of the potent CounselorOverall its the alliance that influences the therapeutical outcome and it s the counselors personality and character that determine the depth and effectiveness of the therapeutic alliance with the client. Counselors that know themselves benefit their clients the most the single most important factor in effective counseling is the person-hood of the counselor, regardless of education, training, theoretical orientation, or counseling technique. (as cited by Clinton, 2002).The personality and character of the counselor is the single most important variable, more important than the therapeutic techniques applied. Effective counselors possess a myriad of personal qualities that transcend their theoretical orientation and therapeutic techniques (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). In order to coach the best personhood, or personality of an effective counselor, the issue of identifying what these attractive characteristics or qualities are and how to increase and expand upon them becomes paramount. The combination of qualitative and quantitative measurement tools reflects the overall measure of effectiveness of a counselor.BodyEffective CharacteristicsThe classic works of Carl Rogers (1957) place the need for figurehead, congruence, empathetic understanding and unconditional verifying regard. Above all, he stated the importance of congruence by means of compliance between brainl self and actual self in his personality theory.The third condition is that the therapist should be, within the confines of this relationship, a congruent, genuine, integrated person. It means that within the relationship he is freely and deeply himself, with his actual experience accurately represented by his awareness of himself. It is the opposite of presenting a facade, either knowingly of unknowingly (Rogers, 1957, p. 97).The idea is to bridge the gaps in all directions, to include the therapeutic alliance gaps that separate the counselor from the client. The idea is to remove all disconnect and just experience each experience as a true andauthentic experience, withou t judgment and without preconceptions. Present bite awareness requires the therapist to take note of the elements that make up each experience, such as sensations, thoughts and feelings. Acknowledgment of these experiences without feeling the need to react or fix anything is critical.The Golden TriadThe Golden Triad, or therapeutic triad, is one invaluable concept of effective counseling characteristics and lays down a solid benchmark for counselors to emulate and implement. The Golden Triad consists of the high vaunt of warmth, genuineness, and empathy that effective counselors exude with their clients. The therapists persuasiveness, level of attention, understanding, support and encouragement all impact the results of the therapy with the client.Its not just therapists ability to foster a positive relationship with the client, but specific needs and expectations for improvement must be met for the client (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). Frequently, genuine responses require more self-re flection and aware(p) attention. Self-reflection promotes awareness of feelings and knowing the appropriate moment to convey them to a client.Cultivating Empathy and CompassionThe majority of counselors who ascribe to the values of holistic humanistic or existential approaches are less likely to avoid experiencing compassion and empathy as they enter and experience their clients worldview, so that they raise become vulnerable and understand how he/she experiences their world (Bowen & Moore, 2014, p. 18). Although the ability to be vulnerable with clients can yield both negative effects such as compassion fatigue or positive effects such as compassion satisfaction, its critical that the qualities of compassion and empathy are made readily available to the client in a equilibrize and careful manner. Being in a state of mindfulness helps to produce more balanced responses of empathy and compassion, without minimizing therapeutic presence (Campbell & Christopher, 2012, pg. 221).In or der to help cultivate the many beneficial characteristics of an effective counselor, such as compassion and empathy, certain practicesshould be implemented daily. Mind-body practices such as Yoga, Mediation, Qi Gong, etc. bring awareness and borrowing and help to foster a therapeutic and empathetic presence. The ability for a therapist to be present enhances the therapeutic relationship and promotes healing. The mindfulness presence increases the awareness and acceptance of their own intimate experience as well as for the experience of the client (Campbell, 2012, pg. 222).Awareness and AcceptanceThis combination of awareness and acceptance seem to encourage less reactive behavior, by nonreactively recognizing thoughts, emotions and sensations as they arise. This practice also helps to communicate experiences and to be more present to their clients inner experiences and sufferings in the same moment-to-moment awareness, which additionally helps clients express their body sensations and feelings. Mindfulness practicing therapists learn how to take their minds less seriously and not feel as though they needed to do something when feelings such as anxiety emerge. These mindfulness practicing therapists could also maintain a therapeutic connection with their client and become less reactive to their fight clients experiences, rather than sensing their own inadequacy and need to be in control (Campbell, 2012, pg. 221).The counselors freely chose if or how they were to suffice to counter-transference. One filling is by acting as observers and just notice without judgment and without trying to suppress reactions to what was happening in the present moment. This mindfulness seems connected to an ability to bear silence and wait through it, allowing new experiences to emerge and genuine encounters to occur. This mindfulness presence allows clients to begin to experience their therapist as individual witness in the midst of their own vulnerability (Campbell, 2012, pg . 223).The Essence of Therapeutic PresenceAccording to Rogers, three components exist in attempting to capture the essence of therapeutic presence be open and available to all aspects of the clients experience, being open to ones own experience in being with the client, and having the capacity to respond to the client from theexperience. This therapeutic presence is more of a state of being rather than of doing and the beneficial influence of mindfulness extends to all participants in the therapeutic relationship (Rogers, 1957, p. 98-99). Two elements related to therapeutic presence that deserve repeating are attention and empathy, which have been shown to increase through mindfulness practice.Many practitioners of mindfulness piece of music increases not only in attention and empathy, but in awareness, patience, focus, compassion, responsiveness, the ability to handle strong emotions, and less defensive, judgmental and reactive. (Campbell, 2012, pg. 213) One last concept to dele gate out is that being in present moment awareness with the client occurs on four main levels spiritually, emotionally, physically and cognitively and requires a deep knowledge of oneself, which can usually be attained through a consistent life-long commitment of integrating a daily exercise routine of mindfulness practices into a demanding schedule. These daily practices may not only induce relaxation states, but can profoundly alter our relationship to ourselves and our minds (Campbell, 2012, pg. 217).ConclusionTo summarize, the most important tool that an effective counselor has is themselves. The characteristics of an effective counselor are directly related to the counselors personality and client relationship. Some key personality traits of an effective counselor are compassion, empathy, awareness, acceptance, warmth, genuineness as well as a congruent and fully integrated individual. One of the most effective approaches in which counselors can cultivate and nurture those qual ities can be found in a daily mindfulness practice, which helps to maintain a more solid moment-to-moment awareness as the client experiences the world and the counselor maintains the role of present, nonjudgmental witness. With a consistent and daily practice of mindfulness exercises, the therapist begins to live more in the moment and less in a reactive state. By working continuously towards self-mastery and self-actualization, counselors can provide the therapeutic presence that positively impacts their clients growth and well-being.ReferencesBowen, N., & Moore, J. (2014). Common Characteristics of clementCounselors A Qualitative Study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(1), 17-29. Clinton, Timothy, and George Ohlschlager. Competent Christian Counseling. Vol. 1. Colorado Springs Waterbrook, 2002. 184-186, 570-574. Print. Campbell, J. C., & Christopher, J. C. (2012, July). Teaching mindfulness to create effective counselors. Journal of Mental wellness Co unseling, 34(3), 213+. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA297915507&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=dc53ce42d985ee78066b8600c33ca82c Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21,95-103. doi10.1037/h0045357

Of Mice and Men by John Ernst Steinbeck Essay

Of Mice and Men was written by John Ernst Steinbeck. This book was published in 1937. This is a tale somewhat an extraordinary friendship between two migrant labourers during the striking Depression who sh bed the same dream of having their agree got gap funding on their own land. They moved on to a new job after they ran away from their previous job in a hurry, by-line an incident involving the larger of the two men. Here they met new people as well as trouble along their job in the ranch with the stamp son who greatly dis handles big people, and his wife who likes flirting with the boys a lot. In a fight Lennie tried to defend himself against Curley but he still kept punching Lennie, he decided he had enough so he fought back and when he saw the opportunity he grabbed Curleys hands and crushed it.He alike accident eachy eated his wife while stroking her hair in the barn which George was re everyy crossed about and decided to kill him for their own good. The Great Depress ion occurred during the 1930s (year when this book was published) when the American Stock Market on Wall Street crashed catastrophically and led to a massive economic depression, which greatly affected America and some parts of the world that resulted to workers migrated all over the country to find jobs.Lennie & George were migrant farm worker who moved from one arse to another to find work. They became migrant workers because of the trouble that they caused at their old place, which urged them to get on the elude and find a new job. George is small and quick, dark of face, with brisk eyes (might be a bit worried) and having sharp, strong features Lennie is his complete opposite a huge man, shapeless of face, with large pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders and walks intemperately dragging his feet a lilliputian, like the way a bear drags its paws and with arms hanging loosely. This shows us how animal-like Lennie is.Workers in the ranch live in a lead kin a long rectangular , building which could accommodate up to 8 people in their own bunks. Georges first thoughts about the bunk rest home was dirty and unhygienic infested with tiny bugs which came into his mind when he found a small yellow can on the box shelf which was supposed to kill tiny bugs and insects. The bunk erect, which they were living in, was smooth big but without privacy as there were no individual rooms, an infested bunk house with an old drop back going in and out which we dont know what kind of insect it might be carrying. The overall condition in this bunk house depends mainly on its occupiers of macrocosm clean and hygienic.Migrant workers like Lennie and George havent got stability they go to the ranch mainly to work and get give whence get on with their lives. most(prenominal) of their work placement isnt permanent they havent got stability at all, it mainly depends with the contract they have, which ofttimes wouldnt last that long because of different factors thats why they couldnt make any long-term plans.Migrant workers are the loneliest guys in the world theyve got no friends. They have no family and dont belong to no place. Theyve got no one to talk to, and no one cares about them. Its difficult for a migrant worker to have friend to accompany each other. Hardly none of the guys ever travel together unlike Lennie and George that gives them an extraordinary friendship. Guys in the ranch just come in the bunk, work for a month and go out alone. Lennie and George are different because they got each other to look after themselves that makes them quiet unusual. I would find it rather difficult to make friends if I work as a migrant worker. I would feel uneasy with myself going to a strange place and meeting and befriending new people. As what Slim said its a bit odd two people coming together, normally a person come and go with no one to look up to.Lennie and George shares a common dream the ambition of having a little house and a piece of land of their own an live off the fatta the lan they dreamed of having a better life with their land having a garden, a little win mill, a rabbit cage, an a chicken run. In which they could grow different sorts of crops and raise some farm animals ranging from chickens to cows and specially rabbits that Lennie is so astute about. This dream core a lot to them saving up all their monthly stakes for this to materialise, their dream gives them hope and determination and most importantly this means their future.In the novel not only George and Lennie have dream but also Curleys wife who regrettably married Curley when she could have gone with individual richer and famous guys. She imagined herself acting and living in luxury if she had run away with the other guys instead of Curley, she coulda been in the movies, and had a nice clothes, with pictures taken of her. She could be sittin in them big hotels and it wouldnt regular cost her a cent because she was in the picture. This was her once in a lifetime chance, which she deeply regrets if only she had run away with the guys she could be rich by now.Everyone in during the depression dreamed of having their own land, thinking that they could live better off with themselves. Most of them shared a common goal the American Dream. People in the ranch has nowhere to go to so they spend most of their time dreaming of their own place but even if they worked hard enough they wont be able to save enough to move on in life. til now George was tempted to go with them to the cat-house leaving Lennie behind and spending money on their account.Even if they got their own place they were always doomed to failure of history repeating itself about Lennie, which was their huge pitfall. These people had dreams thinking they could live much better on their own life with no one controlling them. These ambitions are good for them handsome them something to look forward to, to give them hope and determination that one day they would be able to achieve their dream. But somehow it would be bad to have these dreams and living on a fantasy world that some how we know, doesnt exist.Most of the people in the ranch are victims of blemish because of their incapabilities, race or physical appearance. Prejudice means to pre-judge someone, it is an attitude of mind on any topic which encourages us to prejudge those who differ from us in some way. Racism, Discrimination, Scapegoating and Stereotyping are some forms of applied prejudice. Candy is the only oldest person in the ranch thats why he is tempered with prejudice adding to the fact to that he had broken his hand, which makes him feel very useless. His dog was shot because he was precedentless to free them because he was just an old man and most of the people wants his dog suddenly he was depending on how Slim would react to help him save his dog but Slim turned him down. He was the only chance he had to stop his dog from being executed. He also has the least respected job being the cleaner or swamper as its called.Curleys wife is treated with prejudice from the fact she is the Boss daughter-in-law. Her flirtatious attitude contributes to the way she is treated. She not only wants some one to talk to, she wants someone to open-up with to share her loneliness and to gestate her feelings. Some men have different feelings for her like Whit and Lennie are attracted to her but George and Candy despise her. But shes well aware of the power she holds over men even though shed just been there for a few weeks. She doesnt let anybody step on her and treats her like dust, she annoys them even more if she knows the person doesnt like her.Crooks is the worst victim of prejudice to the extent that he is treated in a different way being segregated from other guys because he is black. Being a black man he is the subject of verbal and physical degradation. He is sole survivor he shows us that he is a fighter who doesnt easily get degraded. Even though he is segre gated he has his own room, which not all of them have, and he has the most numerous belongings. Even though he is the victim he also shows us his manipulative way because he knows he could be dominate over Lennie in which he saw h over Lennie but Lennie quickly got off of the bait and showed him that he is still the lowest of all ranks in the ranch.Surely no one would like to be treated in such manner of Prejudging others without knowing the reasons behind it. It is usually were offensive starts. Most of the time it results to discrimination and racism that, are often accompanied by either physical or verbal aggression this is a form of prejudice in action. I strongly disagree to someone treating anyone with prejudice. Prejudice is such an evil way of thinking only people with a clear evil intention and malicious mind would do that.I dont think their lives are appealing. I dont want to live like migrant workers moving from one place to another, I would like a permanent job and perm anent place where I can have stability. They also have to understand the people around them and adjust to their new environment. They also got to bare the loneliness people like them got no one to talk to, no families, and no place to live. They have no directions in life in the ranch people are going nowhere. They come in to work then come out, spend all their monthly stakes and come back to work again. They migrate from their town because there is no work to be found around it. So they spent most of their time migrating depending on their contract.

American studies

Parrington is credited to be the person who founded American studies due to his winning Pulitzer Prize in the American thought. American studies are an interdisciplinary discipline which deals with the studies of join commonwealthd. Incorporated in the American studies are disciplines like economics, literature, history and womens floriculture. Also included in the American studies are the film and urban studies as strong as the culture of United States. Tradition all in ally, it was conceptualized that knowlight-emitting diodege was meant for men and gum olibanum was discriminatory.The in advance(p) American studies have challenged that in that in todays culture and practice, women have been given equal opportunity to pursue careers in all fields which were earlier male dominated. Also, the traditional setting of studies segregated the aliens on dry land of race and color. The modern studies have challenged this believe by incorporating all individuals in the scholarship arr angements. Critics in favor of traditional approach argue that incorporating multiculturalism in American studies may deny the students from experiencing their real culture.This has been challenged by modern studies with scholars arguing that multiculturalism would lead to democracy in America thus is beneficial. Traditional studies also had dismissed roughly scholarly projects which have been lately accepted by the modern studies. Modern studies also allows interdisciplinary work and which has led to more women being accepted as equal partners by their male counterparts (Kessler-Harris Alice, check bittrooper 2). This paper will thus focus on the patterns the American studies have taken and the importance of multicultural unified studies to both the students and the United States.American studies history, patterns and its implications American studies dates back to the 1920s and mid-thirties but was more profound during the Second World struggle and also during the post war e ra which fostered a climate of patriotism and nationalism. The war led to the need of defending the values of the United States which led to the alteration of most of the careers and this also neutered the view of the whole world on academics. The traditional method of the American studies was explained by the use of myth and token.Scholars advocating for this form of system claimed to have identified rough recurring themes which were being used in American texts. Such recurring texts were meant to illuminate and esteem the American culture which was unique (Levander Caroline, para 3). During the myth and symbol era which was in led to innovation of American studies, white men Protestants were the scholars. Their aim was to try to understand and single out the American exceptionalism. In so doing, they left out everybody else.This mode of studies emerged during the cold war period and was seen as an effort to justify the dominance of America after the Second World War and also to celebrate the exceptionalism of America. This was the first shape the American studies took in the 1950s. However, the politics of 1960s led to the transformation of the academic field as well as the society at large. After this transformation, women and racial diversity as well as other workers were recognized. This creation story is criticized on the ground that it failed too reconstruct out the scholarships which characterized the post war years.Also this traditional approach of studies does non acknowledge the fact that American studies were invented long before the cold war era. American studies emerged in 1930s and was being practiced by many scholars both within and outside the myth and symbol academy. The concerns of these scholars paved way for todays American studies (Maddox Lucy, pp 12). The Marxism take aim of thoughts helps in explaining the different patterns that the American studies have gone through to the currents multicultural form of scholarship.However, th ey are not distinct and tend to overlap at versatile intervals. The first civilise of thought is that of Karl Marxism. This school cerebrate on the struggle existing between capitol and labor as well as the tradition of politics which engaged in scholarship and which motivated nation to pursue their craft. Scholarship in this period was founded on recognition of the negative impacts of the industrial capitalism and part divisions which were profound in United States. The practitioners of those days were the public intellectuals and were involved in both the politics and social matters.This group of scholars advocated for a socialist tradition as they termed industrial capitalist to be hostile and against democracy (May Elaine Tyler, para 4). These academic practitioners engaged in fields which were emerging known as the academic mavericks challenged the state of the studies in practice and also expanded the scope of the study both in method and also in content. In doing this, t hey first explored the unique trace of American culture. During this era, America was thought to be an inferior extension of Europe.The intellectuals of the time had ignored the literature of America since it was viewed to be of low standards. The practitioners had a task to return and restore American literature from the set academic considerations margin. American literature was legitimized and instituted within the academy of learning. Post war critics however focused their analysis on the text but the researchers sought to base their analysis on the literatures history as well as the cultural changes. Focusing on the cultural diversity led to emergence of the modern multicultural American studies (May Elaine Tyler, para 6).Evolution of American studies is also credited to the historians of the 1920s and 1930s. Unlike their counterparts in literature, these historians focused their study on government, politics and the prevailing wars. Some of the historians focused their atten tion on the democratic spirit exhibited by American people as they were bit the aristocracy of the Europeans and also the monopoly of the American capital. A study by Mary Beard acknowledged the role of women in history making unlike in traditional setting where women were not recognized.Democracy which emerged in United States at this era led to more minorities being given a chance to exercise their abilities thus the emergence of American studies (Kessler-Harris Alicev, para 5). Another school which explains the pattern the American studies have taken is the Leo Marxism School which takes a myth and symbol approach. This school emerged during the cold war time. The political and intellectual culture which had earlier developed started to wane after the Second World War. During the cold war, Americanism and democracy as well as capitalism and established institutions were classified together.During this era, international affairs and official activities took the central stage of th e United States. This in turn led to the destruction and excreting of capitalism which in turn led to United States being described as classless by some intellectuals and policy makers. Elimination of social classes led to the cohesion of America thus setting it apart from all other states (May Elaine Tyler, para 9). The effects of post war period led to many changes occurring in the American studies.This era was characterized by institutions building and full institution of interdisciplinary fledging enterprises. Interdisciplinary field was more visible during this period which saw most of the scholars identifying with it. American studies were incorporated in the universities, at home as well as abroad during this period. During this period, regional associations emerged which were managed through grants from the public and also from private funding. The need for an sensible nation and the values the area was deriving from this informed nation led to an increase in interest in the studies.This saw United States becoming the marketplace leader in offering studies (Guernsey Lisa, para 3). The traditional believe about scholarship was that only the people considered to be intellectuals were in a position to make important decisions concerning the direction the state was to take. This was meant to esteem the uniqueness of the United States and in doing so, the intellectuals left out all other people. The minority groups mostly the blacks were also not considered as being capable of contributing to the overall development of the country.With the current or modern American studies program, this has been challenged in that America is a multicultural country and as such the contribution of every person is necessary to ensure its growth. Introduction of American studies program led to a more informed people in the country thus more development making the United States to be ahead of all other states in terms of development (May Elaine Tyler, para 11). Traditional approach to scholarship also advocated for maintenance of a national identity by ensuring that all minor groups and aliens were alienated from the American studies.However, this has been proved to be erroneous in that the introduction of black history has not so far been troublesome in the country. Such inclusion has also led to changing and shaping and avoiding dominance by one particular group especially the whites and has helped in promoting the notion of a common vision in the country. Also, the traditional believe was that women were a minority and could not contribute to the general growth of the economy. This is erroneous since accomplishments of great women such as Jane Addams have not posed any bane in terms of gender and class divisions.Whereas the traditional approach to studies fostered divisions and racism, the modern form of study program fosters more unity in the country (Guernsey Lisa, para 7). Conclusion American studies have evolved over long period from the tim e when it was believed that the minorities and women were not to be integrated into the countrys form of scholarship to the modern integrative form of scholarship program. American studies have also been adopted by different countries and thus has helped in forging more cooperation and understanding among nations.Recognition that all individuals have a right to pursue their careers without any form of discrimination on either gender, racial or even color and integration of multiculturalism in American studies have helped in shaping and the superiority of the modern American studies. Work cited Guernsey Lisa A Movement in the Mirror American Studies in the 1970s. Retrieved on 5th January 2009 from, http//xroads. virginia. edu/%7EMA95/guernsey/chap1_1. html Kessler-Harris Alice Cultural Locations Positioning American Studies in the Great Debate. (1992). Retrieved on 5th January 2009 from,http//xroads. virginia. edu/%7EMA95/guernsey/kharris. html Levander Caroline The ever-changing Lan dscape of American Studies in a Global Era. Retrieved on 5th January 2009 from, http//www. clir. org/activities/digitalscholar2/levander11_11. pdf. Maddox Lucy Locating American Studies The Evolution of a Discipline. 1999. Published by JHU Press, ISBN 0801860563 May Elaine Tyler The ultra Roots of American Studies Presidential Address to the American Studies Association. 1995. Retrieved on 5th January 2009 from, http//academics. eckerd. edu/instructor/junkinwf/SyllabiF06/griggscm/AM401/May. htm

Challenges Faced by Pvos in Effective Mobilization of Communities in Rural Agriculture Projects in Kirinyaga District

CHALLENGES FACED BY PVOS IN EFFECTIVE MOBILIZATION OF COMMUNITIES IN RURAL AGRICULTURE PROJECTS IN KIRINYAGA DISTRICT Name PATRICK KARIMI Adm No EMB/0088 cable DIPLOMA IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT Subject Project question Methods (DPM 5) Lecturer Mr. J. Ndukanio Due Date 15th Aug 2009 A Research Proposal Presented In Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Diploma in Project Management Kenya Institute of Management AUG, 2009 DECLARATION Declaration by Student I do here decl ar this is my original work and has not been presented for exams before.SignatureDate. Patrick Karimi Adm No EMB/0088 Declaration by Supervisor LETURER Mr. Ndukanio Signature. Date DEDICATION To My married woman and friend. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to my lecturers at KIM and class mates. Thanks in like manner to my workmates and friends TABLE OF CONTENTS Title pagei Declarationii Dedication iii Acknowledgementiv Table of contentsvii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. admittance 1. 1 Background of the training 1. 2 Statement of the problem . 3 Objective of the study 1. 4 Research questions 1. 5 Signifi ratce of the study 1. 6 Limitations of the study 1. 7 Scope of the study 1. 8 Conceptual framework CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 accession 2. 1 Empirical follow-up 2. 2 Critical review 2. 3 Research gaps CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3. Introduction 3. 1 Research image 3. 2 bum population 3. 3 Accessible population 3. 4 have technique 3. 5 information collection method and procedures 3. data analysis technique References APPENDICES addendum 1.. Questionnaire APPENDIX II Time line APPENDIX III Budget CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction This chapter exit cover the background of the study, intent of the study, problem rural areament, objectives of the study, research questions, importance of the study, limitations of the study, scope of the study and the conceptual framework 1. 2. The Background of the study Agricultural production and productiveness in the EAC is largel y restrain by natural factors, policy and adoption of technologies.The reasons for poor performance of the uncouth field include Policy cerebrate factors, Technology related factors, Nature related factors, Cross cutting and cross-sectorial related factors. The above constraints shake off inhibited the verdant economys potential to alleviate poverty through employment construct and income generation, meet growing food needs driven by rapid population growth and urbanization stimulate overall economic growth, given that land is the virtually potential lead sector for growth and development and conserve natural resources.The main challenge facing the rural sector is to increase productivity and economic growth in order to halt the worsening food security and to reduce poverty by 50 share by the stratum 2015. This is at a time when East Africa faces declining financial resource base, HIV and AIDS pandemic, globalization and declining natural resources, which reduce availabil ity of investiture funds. East Africa has a significant irrigation potential that remains unexploited.Irrigation can play an important role in increasing agricultural productivity, expanding area under production and stabilizing agricultural production in situations of adverse weather conditions. Opportunity to expand irrigated agribusiness exists. Utilization of this opportunity would boost agricultural production. From past studies in residential area projects, it is reform that meaningfully involving communities at all phases of a development project are determinant to ensuring development.Only in such a manner can tidy sum stupefy leading actors in and generators of their own development, rather than being passive recipients of external support (Bessette, 1996). 1. 3. The Problem Statement The Community is face with a public figure of challenges harmonizing unhomogeneous policies and legislations increasing involvement of local communities in envisionning and decision m aking increasing production and economic growth expulsion of trans boundary pests and diseases including wildlife diseases expanding irrigated agribusiness trim back poverty levels combating the HIV and AIDS pandemic slowing down the environmental egradation and desertification process sustaining utilization of natural resources establishing an impelling early warning ashes and improving governance, security and political stability Government agencies, non-governmental formations (NGOs) and other stakeholders in Kenya have of late been exerting great efforts to increase communities irritate to sanitisation and hygiene facilities and to aid just hygienic behavior, especially in rural areas. However, their efforts have not been able to bring about the desired output. fundamental reasons for this failure are that most of the projects were supply-driven top-down interventions designed and implemented with small-minded or no involvement by the user communities. In fact, most of the projects were hale interventions designed and implemented with little or no involvement by the user communities. In fact, most of the projects were forced interventions rather than agreed-upon involvements. There has been to a greater extent tenseness on the construction of latrines than on the promotion of their proper use and usage and technologies employed were, by and large, expensive.Thus, coverage, access and usage of sanitation are still inadequate. In other words, with regard to safe hygienic behavior, much remains to be desired. Consequently, diarrhea morbidity and mortality originating from fecal contamination, especially among under-five children, are still high. demographic health statistics show that 46% of childhood deaths in Ethiopia are caused by diarrhea, and 80% of the diarrhea is attributable to unsafe water supply and poor sanitation and hygiene.These suggest the need for a development approach that empowers communities mentally and psychologically and pr omotes self-respect and self-reliance for communities to properly plan and act. Programs designed should center on needs- found and community-led panning and instruction execution of projects to create a inviolable sense of ownership on the part of the user communities. This study therefore seeks to address the challenges faced by PVOs in effective militarization of community intricacy in rural agriculture projects in Kirinyaga District. . 4 Research Objectives 1. 4. 1 General Objective The research Project aims to improve the mobilization approaches to community agriculture productivity and sustainability of existing small and medium farmer-managed irrigation systems suffering from low productivity and poverty in Central Kenya and thereby enhancing the livelihoods of the poor. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives 1. To examine the challenges caused by incidence of poverty in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project 2.To investigate the challenges c aused by social understructure in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project 3. To find out the challenges caused by Gender balancing in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project 1. 5. Research Questions 1. To what extent does incidence of poverty a challenge in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project? 2. What challenges are caused by social infrastructure in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project? . Are there challenges caused by Gender balancing in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agricultural project? 1. 7. Significance of the Study To community workers and stake holders The research project will enhance the livelihood of rural smallholders by improving the performance of the existing farmer-managed irrigation systems. By establishing sound evidence on service delivery mechanisms and community inst itutions to support such initiatives To future researchers As this research study is limited to the challenges faced by PVOs in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agriculture projects in Kirinyaga District, it can be used as a platform for further research studies to identify additional challenges and also explore how these challenges can be overcome. 1. 8. Limitations of the Study ? appealingness of selective information Lack of extensive data in some aspects of the study will be overcomed by making use of a diverse chain of sources for the data including the internet, newspapers, magazines, books, business journals, and any other available material. Questionnaire responses So that respondents would not find it time consuming to complete the questionnaire, the researcher attempted to simplify the questionnaire as much as possible so as to make it easier to complete without it being time consuming. 1. 9. Scope of the Study The study covers agricultural base d irrigation projects in Kirinyaga District. The study will cover the challenges faced by PVOs in effective mobilization of community participation in rural agriculture projects in Kirinyaga District. The study duration will be October-December 2009. . 10. Conceptual Frame Independent variables Dependent variable CHAPTER TWO 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1Introduction The Chapter reviews literature related to agriculture based project and its impact on community mobilization tiree by different writers and researchers. 2. 2. Main Review The main challenge facing the rural sector is to increase productivity and economic growth in order to halt the worsening food security and to reduce poverty by 50 percent by the year 2015.This is at a time when East Africa faces declining financial resource base, HIV and AIDS pandemic, globalization and declining natural resources, which reduce availability of investment funds. East Africa has a significant irrigation potential that remains unexploited . Irrigation can play an important role in increasing agricultural productivity, expanding area under production and stabilizing agricultural production in situations of adverse weather conditions. Opportunity to expand irrigated agriculture exists. Utilization of this opportunity would boost agricultural production.The Community is faced with a number of challenges harmonizing various policies and legislations increasing involvement of local communities in planning and decision making increasing production and economic growth elimination of trans boundary pests and diseases including wildlife diseases expanding irrigated agriculture reducing poverty levels combating the HIV and AIDS pandemic slowing down the environmental degradation and desertification process sustaining utilization of natural resources establishing an effective early warning system and improving governance, security and political stability Government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stake holders in Ethiopia have of late been exerting great efforts to increase communities access to sanitation and hygiene facilities and to promote safe hygienic behavior, especially in rural areas. However, their efforts have not been able to bring about the desired output. Underlying reasons for this failure are that most of the projects were supply-driven top-down interventions designed and implemented with little or no involvement by the user communities. In fact, most of the projects were forced interventions designed and implemented with little or no involvement by the user communities. In fact, most of the projects were forced interventions rather than agreed-upon involvements.There has been more emphasis on the construction of latrines than on the promotion of their proper use and usage and technologies employed were, by and large, expensive. Thus, coverage, access and usage of sanitation are still inadequate. In other words, with regard to safe hygienic behavior, much remains t o be desired. Consequently, diarrhea morbidity and mortality originating from fecal contamination, especially among under-five children, are still high. Demographic health statistics show that 46% of childhood deaths in Ethiopia are caused by diarrhea, and 80% of the diarrhea is attributable to unsafe water supply and poor sanitation and hygiene.These suggest the need for a development approach that empowers communities mentally and psychologically and promotes self-respect and self-reliance for communities to properly plan and act. Programs designed should enter on needs-based and community-led panning and implementation of projects to create a strong sense of ownership on the part of the user communities. Accordingly, in early 2007, plan Ethiopia and Plan Regional Office for eastern and Southern Africa (RESA) learned that the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach proved successful in countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America in producing desired outcomes. Thus, invit ing the pioneer of CLTS, Dr. Kamal Kar it introduced the approach in eight kebeles in Shbedino District of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples Region (SNNPR).CLTS works by encouraging communities to call a spade a spade, thereby creating an gene of shame, of disgust, and of fear as triggering elements. Dr. Kar also admonishes facilitators, or experts, not to dictate communities but, instead, to encourage them to identify their problems and come up with solutions. He also recommends close follow-up and episodic monitoring. In March 2007, Plan Ethiopias Shebedino program unit, together with the Shebedino District Health Office, Water Action, Kebele health extension workers, health messengers, community leaders, and communities themselves began exercising the CLTS approach. Members of Furas community ere highly triggered and they promised to proactively involve in sanitation activities dig pit latrines and put an end to open defecation in their kebeles by mid-April 2007. Their motto was No to open defecation No to eating and drinking shit They then made good on their promise. With only some facilitation and follow-up by plan Ethiopias Shebedino Program Unit, the Shebedino Wereda Health Office, the health extension workers, the health messengers, and the community leaders, the communities in many of these kebeles registered impressive achievements. For instance, 465 of the 1265 households in the Fura kebele constructed household pit latrines after introduction of CLTS.That was about one-hundred-percent pit latrine coverage in the kebele. Furthermore, determined to make their kebele open-defecation-free (ODF), the residents of Fura built nine communal pit latrines for passers-by and for the pupils of the Fura Elementary School. They did it all on their own initiative, and with no subsidy, using only locally available materials. The pit latrine construction has accelerated in many her keeles, too. Monitoring reports indicate the communities in Tareme ssa, Midre Genet, Morancho Negash kebeles as well have constructed pit latrines and r each(prenominal)ed almost one hundred percent coverage, as compared to 28%, 25%, and 65% coverage respectively.Plan Ethiopia supported this initiative at minimum cost around US$ 2,000 to train community leaders and other facilitators in Fura and other kebeles as well as staff members from partner institutions.. In the past, plan Ethiopia spent about US$ 25 per household for san plat provision alone. Thus, to support the construction of 465 pit latrines in Fura would have, therefore, cost plan Ethiopia more than US$ 11,625. Children, women and men are elusive not only in construction pit latrines but also in keeping a vigilant eye to make sure that passers-by do not defecate out in the open in Fura. They have set rules for penalizing offenders offenders scoop their feces into nigh toilets and penalize and amount of US$ 0. 5-1. 00. Data from clinics operating in these areas indicate that the numb er of diarrhea cases is continuously declining.The residents of the Fura kebele designated September 02, 2007 as Open-Defecation- Free Environment Day. just about 500 people, including community members of the Fura keble, various government officials, health extension workers of the 35 kebles in the Woreda, staff members of Water Action and staff members of plan Ethiopia attended the celebration. success recorded was however, not without challenges. Lack of efficiency and commitment on the part of the community leaders in some areas or among stakeholders was one of the problems. The fact that the various beneficiaries of the CLTS approach did not always reach a consensus also posed challenges. At times there have been problems of regressing to the old, unhygienic practice.From this project it is clear that meaningfully involving communities at all phases of a development project are determinant to ensuring development. Only in such a manner can people become leading actors in and generators of their own development, rather than being passive recipients of external support (Bessette, 1996). CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter outlines the process the researcher uses to identify the target population, research design, sampling design, data collection methods and data analysis methods. 3. 2 Research Design The research design that will be adopted in this research study is the descriptive survey research design.Descriptive case study is a method of roll up information by converseing or administering a questionnaire to a sample of individuals (Orodho, 2003). It can be used when collecting information about peoples attitudes, opinions, habits or any of the variety of education or social issues (Orodho and Kombo, 2002). The design adopted is an investigative design since it will be easy and efficient to use and is an hi-fi counter and indicator to measure (Pamela, 2003). The researcher chose this research design beca use the study aims at collecting information from respondents on their experiences, perceptions and opinions in relation to the challenges of marketing the acknowledgment card services to teachers. Both primary and secondary data will be colleted.Primary data will be defended using questionnaires while secondary data will be from the internet, newspapers, magazines, journals, government publications, published company records and reports. 3. 3. Study population The target population will be all PVOs involved in community agriculture projects in Kirinyaga district. The accessible population is 12 PVOs. 3. 4. Sample Size The researcher selected 32 respondents on whom to conduct the survey. The choice of 32respondents will be based on Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) recommendation. The accessible population consisted of 32 respondents and so the sample sizing of 32respondents will be 100% as recommended by Mugenda and Mugenda (2003). 3. 5 Sampling designThe research will be use a Stratif ied random sampling method to ensure that all categories are equitably delineated in the sample. Then the researcher adopted case study census. 3. 6. Data collection instrument The researcher will be use a questionnaire for the teachers and an interview guide for the Bankers as the data collection instruments. The interview guide will be enable collection of in-depth information and they are appropriate where the population size is not large (Kothari 2007). The questionnaire is made up of both structured and unstructured questions so that qualitative and quantitative data is collected for the study. The researcher chose to use a questionnaire because of the undermentioned benefits.First, the questionnaire enables the researcher to ask structured or closed-ended questions which are easier to analyses as well as to administer since each question is followed by alternative answers. Secondly, the questionnaire also enables the researcher to use open-ended questions thus permitting a g reater in-depth response from the respondents. These particular responses enable the researcher to get greater insight into the feelings, decisions and thinking of the respondents (Fraenkel, 2000). 3. 6 Data collection procedure Questionnaires were self administered as all respondents are literate enough to for purpose of the questionnaire items. The questionnaires will be conveyed to the respondents by use of the be sick and pick method.An introductory letter from the KIM authorizing the research to be undertaken will be used by the researcher to assure the authenticity of the study. 3. 7. Reliability and validity Data reliability and validation will be done to maintain accuracy. Data reliability is the degree to which research instrument yield consistent results or data after repeated trials Mugenda and Mugenda (2003). To achieve this, the questionnaire has been designed with systematic and comprehensive questions to enable respondents to answer them without much reference. Data validity refers to the degree to which results obtained from analysis of data very represents phenomenon under study, Mugenda and Mugenda (2003).To achieve content validity the researcher will seek assistance from the experts (supervisor) on various sections in the questionnaire as instruments for data collection. 3. 7 Data Analysis Procedure Analysis of raw data collected will enable the researcher to generate information. Data analysis will involve reducing accumulated data looking for patterns and applying statistical techniques. Data analysis will be done using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, because it is important to obtain data on the study by trying to establish trends. Patterns and relationships from the data gathered. The procedure included recording results from respondents and, evaluating the accuracy and relevance of data.Quantitative analysis will be used since the distribution of measures or scores need to be extensively described using descriptive statis tical analysis as these are suitable in giving accurate findings revealed by research. Data will be presented in form of tables, graphs, charts, figures, to give meaning to the responses. APPENDIX I REFRENCES doubting Thomas F. Patterson (1987) (HTML). Refining Performance Appraisal. http//www. joe. org/joe/1987winter/a5. html. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Joyce Margulies (2004-03-24) (PDF). Performance Appraisals. http//www. bnabooks. com/ababna/eeo/2004/eeo55. pdf. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Archer North & Associatiates (1998), Introduction to Performance Appraisal, http//www. performance-appraisal. com/intro. htm U. S. Department of the Interior, Performance Appraisal Handbook Mugenda A & Mugenda, O. 2003). Research Methods. Nairobi Focus Hashemi, S. , Scholar, S & Riley, A. (1996). Rural Credit Programmes and Women Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development 24(4). Pgs 635-653. Wall JA Jr, Callister RR. Conflict and its management. Journal of Management(213), 1995, pp 515-558 APENDIX II Questionnaire for Respondents Name .. (optional) brass instrument/ NGO. Designation. 2. (a) How did you come to learn about PVOs In Embu? i. Founder member ii. Through a friend iii. Through the radio/TV iv. From perform / chief (b) To what extend do the following motivate membership? Very much Much non much Not very much Not at all To get an income To keep you busy To help your relatives To help community Because your friends were members 2 (i) Are you involved in formulating the activities of your organization? Yes No (ii) If no, who formulates the activities of the organization / group? The president The donors The committee All the members 3 (i) Are there benefits for success in the activities of the group? Yes No (ii) If yes, kindly rate the nature of the relationships of each stakeholder using the scale below. a) Committee of the group 12345 b) Donors to the activity 12345 c) Other group members 12345 ) The non participating group members 12345 e) Other CBOs 12345 Key 1= very supportive 2=supportive 3= just supportive 4= not supportive 5=not at al supportive 4 (i) Are your activities combative in nature? Yes No (ii) If yes, answer question (a-b) and if no skip question (c-d) start at question e. (a) Briefly state, two recent activities of the organization. 1. 2. (b) appealing rate the involvement of the groups in the following issues involved. Very much involved Involved It depends Not very involvedNot at all involved Group management Group reconcile Selection of group team members Group activity selection (c) State two recent activities of the organization. 1. 2. (d) Briefly state two methods used to accomplish organization activities. 1. 2. 6 (i) How does the group choose the activities engage in In a meeting Informed by chairman Through lettersInformed by committee (ii) Do you always agree on the priorities of the group activities? Yes No (iii) If no, what causes most confli ct disagreement? Kindly rate the following Determining the activity Choosing participants Allocating resources for activity Planning the activity Determining how much to do. 7 (i) As group members what three issues about group leadership dont your like? a) b) c) (ii) What two things about the group have made you feel appreciated? a) b) ASANTE SANA Gender imbalances High incidence of poverty

Examination Paper of Business Communication Essay

Examination Paper MM.100 Subject Code-B-109 Business Communication Section A Objective Type & Short Questions (30 marks)This section consists of multiple choices and Short Notes showcase questions.Answer all the questions.Part wizard questions carry 1 mark each & Part Two questions carry 4 marks each.Part oneMultiple choices1.__________is an essential function of Business Organizations a. Informationb. Communicationc. Powerd. no(prenominal) of the above2. Physiological Barriers of listening atomic number 18a. Hearing impairmentb. sensual conditionsc. Prejudicesd. All of the above3.Which presentation tend to make you speak more quickly than usual a. Electronicb. Oralc. Both a and bd. None of the above4. What is the main function of Business Communicationa. Sincerityb. Positive languagec. Persuasiond. Ethical standard5. The responsibilities of the office manager in a firm that produces electronics spares is a. Everything in the office runs efficientlyb. Furniture and other equipm ent in the office is adequate c. Processing all the incoming official mail and responding to unsloped about d. All of the above6.Labovs Storytelling Model based ona. Communication through speechb. Language learningc. Group Discussionsd. None of the above7. apoplexy Communication is basically thea.Communication across boundariesb.Communication in the midst of the CEO and the managersc.Communication through body languaged.Communication within a de disruptment8.How to make Oral Communication potent?a.By Clarityb.By Brevityc.By Right wordsd.All of the above9. Direct Eye contact of more than 10 gages can createa.Discomfort & Anxietyb.Emotional relationship amongst listeners and speakersc.Excitementd.None of the above10. Encoding meansa.Transmissionb.Perceptionc.Ideationd.None of the abovePart Two1. Define 7Cs of effective confabulation.The 7Cs of effective communication is the seven term startle with the letter C which makes communication more understand, valuable and effective . They are-Courtesy & Consideration To improve relationshipCompleteness & Consistency- To introduce stabilityClarity To make recognition betterConcreteness Reinforcing confidenceCredibility- for building trustConciseness Saves timeCorrectness for building confidence2. Explain Space Language.Space language is how we state with the berth around us. The space around its content and the people surrounding around the organisation differ to convey a definite meaning. For example, the personal space such as the office environment, defined for higher ranked workers differs from that of lower ranked workers in name of comfort in seating and settings.3. Differentiate between good listeners and bad listeners.Good listenerBad listenerFinds opportunity and ask questionTunes out dry subjectDoes not judge until he understands fully and interrupts only to clarify Argumentative in approachListens for central themesListen for factsMore compromising in its approach to taking notesLess flexibl e approach to taking notesFights/avoids distraction and tolerates bad habit and slams how to concentrate Distracted easilyExercise the mind by operative on heavier materialSeeks luminosity materialInterprets emotional without getting hung upReacts to emotional words4. List the different types of railway line report.Business reports can be classified based on the purpose of preparationa)Routine Reports-Progress reportsInspection reportsPerformance AppraisalsPeriodical reportsb) Special ReportsInvestigation ReportsSurvey/feasibility reportsFirst information reportsBusiness Reports can as well as be classified based on content of report such asInformational reportsAnalytical reports5. Define Kinesics.Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures or, more formally, non-verbal behaviour related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole. Kinesics means body movements. apply these movements or body language, communica tion is possible. It can reflect thought, feelings and position. Examples of body language are blinking our eyes, nodding our head or waving our hand. Kinesics is chief(prenominal) for communication since it is a form of communication the recipient of the communication can interpret and can act on. For example, the nodding of the head can be a reaction such as yes and the waiving of a hand can mean move. However one of disadvantage of kinesics is that sometimes the body language can be wrongly interpreted to represent the wrong information received by the receiver from the sender. This parapet communication with kinesics is an issue can be synonymous as having a breakdown in communication and also since it is non-verbal, kinesics can also be a hindrant to communication if overemphasised in its use. However Kinesics can be a facilitator to communication if it is used in an efficient and conformed way. A typical example is the use of giving signs such asHand signals on the road by traffic officers to facilitate traffic flow. In Organisations and communication, Kinesics can help to direct communication when used in conjunction with verbal communication.END OF ingredient AExamination Paper of Business CommunicationSection B Caselets (40 marks)This section consists of Caselets.Answer all the questions. for each one Caselet carries 20 marks.Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word prepare 150 to 200 words).Caselet 1Mr. and Mrs. Sharma went to Woodlands Apparel to buy a garment. Mr. Sharma did not read the footing tag on the piece selected by him. At the replica, while making the payment he asked for the terms. Rs. 950 was the answer. Meanwhile, Mrs. Sharma, who was still shopping came back and joined her husband. She was glad that he had selected a nice black shirt for himself. She pointed out that thither was a 25% discount on that item. The counter person nodded in agreement. Mr. Sharma was thrilled to hear that It means the price of this shirt is just Rs. 712. Thats fantastic, said Mr. Sharma. He decided to buy one more shirt in blue color. In no time, he returned with the second shirt and asked them to be packed. When he received the cash memo for payment, he was astonished to find that he had to pay Rs. 1,900 and Rs. 1,424. Mr. Sharma could hardly reconcile himself to the fact that the counter person had quoted the discounted price which was Rs. 950. The original price printed on the price tag was Rs. 1,266.Questions1. What should Mr. Sharma have done to avoid the misunderstanding? It was apparent that Mr. Sharma did not read the price tag. By reading the price tag, he would have known about the actual price.Mr. Sharma should have alsoasked the counter person about the actual price of the shirt instead of relying on Mrs Sharmas interpretation of the price. The fact that the counter person nodded when Mrs Sharma pointed out about the discount meant that in that location was no verbal understanding when they received their cash memo.2. Discuss the main features involved in this case.The main features involves in this case is that the right message was not conveyed to the user. In fact, the message was uneffective to Mr. Sharma since he failed to communicate using the linear model. This meant that the sender did not encode the message by not reading the price tag and therefrom failed to decrypt and receive the message properly. This meant a breakdown in communication. Also the two-way communication did not work since the feedback was not appropriate and lead to disastrous consequence when payment receipt was given. Also body language was wrongly interpreted hence leading to failure in effective and correct response. All these features meant that there were barriers to communication leading to undesired result.Caselet 2I dont want to speak to you. Connect me to your boss in the US, hissed the American on the phone. The schoolgirlish girl at a Bangalore call centre tried to be as polit e as she could. At some other call centre, another day, another schoolgirlish girl had a Londoner unleashing himself on her, Young lady, do you know that because of you Indians we are losing jobs? The outsourcing backlash is getting ugly. Handling irate callers is the new brief for the young men and women taking calls at these outsourced job centres. Supervisors tell them to be cool. Avinash Vashistha, managing partner of NEOIT, a leading US-based consultancy firm says, Companies involved in outsourcing both in the US and India are already getting a lot of hate mail against outsourcing and it is hardly surprising that some people should behave like this on the telephone. Vashistha says Indian call centres should train their operators how to handle such calls. Indeed, the furor raised by the Western media over job losses because of outsourcing has made ordinary citizens there sensitive to the fact that their calls are organism taken not from their midst, but in countries such as In dia and the Philippines. The angry outbursts theoperators face border on the anti-Semite(a) and sexist, says the manager of a call centre in Hyderabad. But operators and aged(a) executives of call centres refuse to go on record for fear of kicking up a controversy that might result in their companies losing clients overseas. Its happening often enough and so lets face it, says a senior executive of a Gurgaon call centre, adding, This doesnt have any impact on business.Questions1) Suppose you are working as an operator in a call centre in India and receiving calls from Americans and Londoners. How would you handle such calls?Handling such calls involves effective communication to limit the misunderstanding between callers and receivers. It is crucial that the caller is handled with the lift out practice of effective communication and this involves basic knowledge of elements of communication process. For example, the caller is basically the sender and mustiness be interpreted pro perly by the receiver who in turns encodes the message for a desired outcome. Through this channel of communication, it is important that the receiver does not give feedback which influences the senders moods and attitude and is not in accordance with the senders expectation. For example, angry outburst can sometimes be remedied by controlled ideas of reinforcement or correct ideas in the mind of the receiver. such(prenominal) can be seen in examples whereby proper questions as well as words are used to the sender is asked and proper as well as correct answers is provided to eliminate doubt in the senders mind. Handling such calls involved having the proper mindset in terms of communication in the operators mind as well as proper training.2) Do you agree with the view such abusive happenings on the telephone do not have any dissemble on business?When communication is effective such abusive happenings impart be limited although there is what we call difficult customers. Impact on b usiness can be positive if abusive calls are turned into happy successful stories. These customers will show appreciation if they are handled with care. Whilstof material body, it is not always effortless to please everyone effective communication can help build bridges between the callers and the person handling these calls. Racist remarks can sometimes be neglected and maybe misunderstood due to heathenish barriers at times. Callers must be diverted to stay on the course of achieving the goal of communication and hence limit the impact on business.END OF SECTION BSection C Applied Theory (30 marks)This section consists of Applied Theory Questions.Answer all the questions.Each question carries 15 marks.Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 200 to 250 words).1.What do you understand by Communication Barriers? How and why do they occur? What can be done to overcome the Barriers to Communication? Communication barriers happen when there are negative forces affecting effective communication. Since communication is a process of transfer of ideas and expressions, it is crucial that the basic elements of communication are achieved in terms of sender and receiver via proper channels of communication. Barriers can be semantic whereby meaning of message is wrongly receipted via sender to receiver. An organizational barrier occurs when there is negative communication influence within the organization limiting effective communication. An interpersonal barrier happens upon inter-relations, values held and attitudes of individuals also limiting the correct flow and effectiveness of communication. Individual barriers also limit effective communication and are also called psycho-sociological barriers. close of the individual barriers is due to the incompetence to process the information properly and results in negative flow of information thus providing a communication barrier. Cross-cultural barrier occurs based on cultural perception by the individual thus also limiting communication effectiveness. Physical barrier are occurring whenever there is noise, surmount or any physical-related barriers limitingthe proper flow of communication. Technological barriers also affect effective communication due to the technological advancement used in disseminating the communication. In order to overcome the barriers to communication, it is vital that meaning of messages is clear, precise and not ambiguous to convey the correct meaning to the receiver. Information sent and received must not be wrongly interpretation by proper contextualising and also properly defined to achieve 100 percent transmission efficiency from sender to receiver. Organizational barriers can be limited by implementing positive communication influence with example such as proximity of telephones to operators and effective communication procedures in place. Interpersonal barriers can be adjusted by overcoming superior and subordinate relationship in the or ganization. Individual barriers can be limited by working on effective communication in interpersonal communication. Cross-cultural communication can be overcome by understanding the customs of the communicator and responding appropriately to their cultural diversity. Physical barriers need to be resolved in terms of limiting loss of content and message when sending and delivering as well as in the process of the information for an effective communication. Technological assets need to be carefully selected before being implemented to limit communication effectiveness. To overcome the barriers, the sender should know who the message is for, Why should the message be communicated, what to communicate, When to communicate the message and How and Where the message should be communicated. The receiver should be ready to accept the message by being attentive, listening actively, clarifying and repeating where necessary and check receipt of information with sender.1. Define and explain the term talks and also briefly explain the phases of Negotiation.Negotiation is a process by which a compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument. In order, to achieve negotiation, one must negotiate effectively and hence use effective communication to achieve a positive end result such as a positive agreement or compromise. In order for any negotiation to be effective, individuals must achieve the best possible outcome for their position or for the organisation they represent. Theprinciples of fairness, seeking mutual advantage and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome. Negotiation is important to reduce conflict and disagreement that arise from misunderstanding and ineffective communication. The process of negotiation includes the following stagesPreparation, Discussion, Clarifying goal, Negotiate towards a positive outcome, Agreement, ImplementationPreparation In order for negotiation to take place, and to be effective a closing needs to b e taken as to when and where a meeting will take place to discuss the problem and who will attend. Setting a time-scale is important to prevent the disagreement continuing. The Preparation stage will help to avoid come along conflict and unnecessarily wasting time during the meeting. Discussion In the give-and-take stage, individuals or members of each side submit and put forward their case as they see it, i.e. their understanding of the situation. Important key skills during the discussion stage are questioning, listening and clarifying. Sometimes, notes during the discussion stage are taken to record all points put forward in case as there is need for further clarification. Clarification of goals Based on discussion, the goals, interests and viewpoints of both parties in the disagreement need to be clarified. Through this clarification it is often possible to identify or represent common ground. Negotiate towards a Positive outcome A positive outcome or Win-win situation is emp hasized at this stage. If such is not possible, parties will try to compromise and try not to differ as much as possible for arguments and agreements sake. Agreement Once both sides have understood the terms of the negotiation, agreements are reached by both sides with the objectives of being clear of what has been decided and agreed upon. Implementation of a course of action Based on the agreement, a course of action is therefore implemented to carry through the decision. Failure to achieve negotiation might involve recalling or rescheduling another meeting to re-discuss. There are instances where negotiation can be informal and these can happen when there is different in opinion or how the matter at hand is settled. The triad elements that affect negotiation outcomes are1. Attitudes2. Knowledge3. Interpersonal SkillsDismissal of the negotiatiated issue can also occur if there is no solution to the negotiation.END OF SECTION C